1. Introduction
1.1 Overview of the Text
1.2 Review Exercises
Bibliography
2. Data Presentation
2.1 Types of Numerical Data
2.1.1 Nominal Data
2.1.2 Ordinal Data
2.1.3 Ranked Data
2.1.4 Discrete Data
2.1.5 Continuous Data
2.2 Tables
2.2.1 Frequency Distributions
2.2.2 Relative Frequency
2.3 Graphs
2.3.1 Bar Charts
2.3.2 Histograms
2.3.3 Frequency Polygons
2.3.4 One-Way Scatter Plots
2.3.5 Box Plots
2.3.6 Two-Way Scatter Plots
2.3.7 Line Graphs
2.4 Further Applications
2.5 Review Exercises
Bibliography
3. Numerical Summary Measures
3.1 Measures of Central Tendency
3.1.1 Mean
3.1.2 Median
3.1.3 Mode
3.2 Measures of Dispersion
3.2.1 Range
3.2.2 Interquartile Range
3.2.3 Variance and Standard Deviation
3.2.4 Coefficient of Variation
3.3 Grouped Data
3.3.1 Grouped Mean
3.3.2 Grouped Variance
3.4 Chebychev’s Inequality
3.5 Further Applications
3.6 Review Exercises
Bibliography
4. Rates and Standardization
4.1 Rates
4.2 Standardization of Rates
4.2.1 Direct Method of Standardization
4.2.2 Indirect Method of Standardization
4.2.3 Use of Standardized Rates
4.3 Further Applications
4.4 Review Exercises
Bibliography
5. Life Tables
5.1 Computation of the Life Table
5.1.1 Column 1
5.1.2 Column 2
5.1.3 Columns 3 and 4
5.1.4 Column 5
5.1.5 Column 6
5.1.6 Column 7
5.2 Applications of the Life Table
5.3 Years of Potential Life Lost
5.4 Further Applications
5.5 Review Exercises
Bibliography
6. Probability
6.1 Operations on Events and Probability
6.2 Conditional Probability
6.3 Bayes’ Theorem
6.4 Diagnostic Tests
6.4.1 Sensitivity and Specificity
6.4.2 Applications of Bayes’ Theorem
6.4.3 ROC Curves
6.4.4 Calculations of Prevalence
6.5 The Relative Risk and the Odds Ratio
6.6 Further Applications
6.7 Review Exercises
Bibliography
7. Theoretical Probability Distributions
7.1 Probability Distributions
7.2 The Binomial Distribution
7.3 The Poisson Distribution
7.4 The Normal Distribution
7.5 Further Applications
7.6 Review Exercises
Bibliography
8. Sampling Distribution of the Mean
8.1 Sampling Distributions
8.2 The Central Limit Theorem
8.3 Applications of the Central Limit Theorem
8.4 Further Applications
8.5 Review Exercises
Bibliography
9. Confidence Intervals
9.1 Two-Sided Confidence Intervals
9.2 One-Sided Confidence Intervals
9.3 Student’s t Distribution
9.4 Further Applications
9.5 Review Exercises
Bibliography
10. Hypothesis Testing
10.1 General Concepts
10.2 Two-Sided Tests of Hypotheses
10.3 One-Sided Tests of Hypotheses
10.4 Types of Error
10.5 Power
10.6 Sample Size Estimation
10.7 Further Applications
10.8 Review Exercises
Bibliography
11. Comparison of Two Means
11.1 Paired Samples
11.2 Independent Samples
11.2.1 Equal Variances
11.2.2 Unequal Variances
11.3 Further Applications
11.4 Review Exercises
Bibliography
12. Analysis of Variance
12.1 One-Way Analysis of Variance
12.1.1 The Problem
12.1.2 Sources of Variation
12.2 Multiple Comparisons Procedures
12.3 Further Applications
12.4 Review Exercises
Bibliography
13. Nonparametric Methods
13.1 The Sign Test
13.2 The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test
13.3 The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test
13.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nonparametric Methods
13.5 Further Applications
13.6 Review Exercises
Bibliography
14. Inference on Proportions
14.1 Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution
14.2 Sampling Distribution of a Proportion
14.3 Confidence Intervals
14.4 Hypothesis Testing
14.5 Sample Size Estimation
14.6 Comparison of Two Proportions
14.7 Further Applications
14.8 Review Exercises
Bibliography
15. Contingency Tables
15.1 The Chi-Square Test
15.1.1 2 x 2 Tables
15.1.2 r x c Tables
15.2 McNemar’s Test
15.3 The Odds Ratio
15.4 Berkson’s Fallacy
15.5 Further Applications
15.6 Review Exercises
Bibliography
16. Multiple 2 x 2 Tables
16.1 Simpson’s Paradox
16.2 Mantel-Haenszel method
16.2.1 Test of Homogeneity
16.2.2 Summary Odds Ratio
16.2.3 Test of Association
16.3 Further Applications
16.4 Review Exercises
Bibliography
17. Correlation
17.1 The Two-Way Scatter Plot
17.2 Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient
17.3 Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient
17.4 Further Applications
17.5 Review Exercises
Bibliography
18. Simple Linear Regression
18.1 Regression Concepts
18.2 The Model
18.2.1 The Population Regression Line
18.2.2 The Method of Least Squares
18.2.3 Inference for Regression Coefficients
18.2.4 Inference for Predicted Values
18.3 Evaluation of the Model
18.3.1 The Coefficient of Determination
18.3.2 Residual Plots
18.3.3 Transformations
18.4 Further Applications
18.5 Review Exercises
Bibliography
19. Multiple Regression
19.1 The Model
19.1.1 The Least Squares Regression Equation
19.1.2 Inference for Regression Coefficients
19.1.3 Evaluation of the Model
19.1.4 Indicator Variables
19.1.5 Interaction Terms
19.2 Model Selection
19.3 Further Applications
19.4 Review Exercises
Bibliography
20. Logistic Regression
20.1 The Model
20.1.1 The Logistic Function
20.1.2 The Fitted Equation
20.2 Multiple Logistic Regression
20.3 Indicator Variables
20.4 Further Applications
20.5 Review Exercises
Bibliography
21. Survival Analysis
21.1 The Life Table Method
21.2 The Product-Limit Method
21.3 The Log-Rank Test
21.4 Further Applications
21.5 Review Exercises
Bibliography
22. Sampling Theory
22.1 Sampling Schemes
22.1.1 Simple Random Sampling
22.1.2 Systematic Sampling
22.1.3 Stratified Sampling
22.1.4 Cluster Sampling
22.1.5 Nonprobability Sampling
22.2 Sources of Bias
22.3 Further Applications
22.4 Review Exercises
Bibliography
Appendix A Tables
Appendix B Data Sets
Index
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