Generate lags, leads, and differences                           [STB-21: sts7.4]
-------------------------------------


	^lag^  [#] varlist [^, l^ags^(^#[^,^#[^,^...]]^) noso^rt ^s^uffix^(^str[^,^str[^,^...]]^)^]

	^lead^ [#] varname [^, s^uffix^(^str^)^]

	^dif^  [#] varname [^, s^uffix^(^str^)^]



Description
-----------

^lag^ generates the lags of varname.  # specifies the number of lags to be gen-
erated and 1 is assumed if # is not specified.  "^lag 2 gnp^" creates ^L_gnp^ and
^L2_gnp^.  Alternatively, the number of lags can be specified with the ^lags()^
option.  Only the ^lag^ command allows a varlist and the ^lags()^ option.

^lead^ generates leads of varname.  # specifies the number of leads to be gen-
erated and 1 is assumed if # is not specified.  "^lead 2 gnp^" creates ^F_gnp^ and
^F2_gnp^.

In either case, # may be specified as negative, in which case ^lag^ produces 
leads and ^lead^ produces lags.  # may be specified as 0, in which case ^lag^
and ^lead^ do nothing.

^dif^ generates the #th difference of varname.  "^dif gnp^" creates ^D_gnp^.
"^dif 2 gnp^" creates ^D2_gnp^, the difference in the difference, but does not
create ^D_gnp^.  # must be greater than or equal to 0; if # is 0, ^dif^ does 
nothing.


Options
-------

^lags(^#[^,^#[^,^...]]^)^ is an alternative way to specify the number of lags.
    This option is available only with the ^lag^ command.  This option 
    permits a different lag (or lead) to be specified with each variable in
    the varlist.  If more lags than variables are specified, the excess lags
    are ignored.  If fewer lags than variables are specified, the last lag
    specified is used for the unmatched variables.

^noso^rt prevents ^lag^ from resorting the data.  By default, the data are 
    sorted in the order of the date variables.

^suffix(^str[^,^str[^,^...]]^)^ specifies the base part of the name to be used 
    rather than the existing name.  E.g., "^lag 2 gnp, suffix(x)^" creates 
    variables named ^L_x^ and ^L2_x^ rather than naming the variables ^L_gnp^ and 
    ^L2_gnp^.  In the lag command, there must be at least as many suffixes as
    variables in the varlist.  Any excess suffixes are ignored.


Examples 
--------

 . ^lag gnp^
 . ^lag 2 gnp^
 . ^lag 4 gnp^
 . ^lag -2 gnp^
 . ^lag gnp m2 debt, lags(2,-1,3) suffix(g,m,d)^

 . ^lead 2 gnp^

 . ^dif gnp^
 . ^dif 2 gnp^


Remarks
-------

"^lag gnp^" creates ^L_gnp^.  "^lag 2 gnp^" creates ^L_gnp^ and ^L2_gnp^.  Therefore,
you may reason that you cannot type "^lag 2 gnp^" after "^lag gnp^" because the
variable ^L_gnp^ already exists.  You may, however.


Operators may be applied to results of other operators, for instance:

 . ^dif gnp^
 . ^lag D_gnp^

The resulting variable is ^LD_gnp^.  However, ^dif^ and ^lead^ are not smart about
combining names:

 . ^dif gnp^
 . ^dif L_gnp^

creates a variable named ^DD_gnp^, not ^D2_gnp^.


Also note that

 . ^lag gnp^
 . ^lead L_gnp^

produces ^FL_gnp^, which is not quite identical to ^gnp^ because the last observa-
tion will be missing.

^lag^ and ^lead^ correctly handle panel data, that is, they do not lag or lead
across cross-sectional unit boundaries.  Use the ^csunits^ command to specify
the variables that define cross-sectional units.



Author
------
 
Sean Becketti, Stata Technical Bulletin


Also see
--------

    STB:  sts2 (STB-7), sts7.1 (STB-18), sts7.4 (STB-21)
On-line:  ^help^ for ^csunits^, ^datevars^, ^dropoper^, ^growth^